Reducing Population by 80%

Confronting the Twenty-First Century’s Hidden Crisis:

The following are several lightly edited excerpts from a longer article of the same title. If you would like an electronic copy of the original article, please e-mail your request to our Office Manager, Carolyn VandenDolder, at Carolyn@WorldPopulationBalance.org

My position is simply stated. Within the next half-century, it will be essential for the human species to have fully operational a flexibly designed, broadly equitable and internationally coordinated set of initiatives focused on reducing the then-current world population by at least 80%. Given that even with the best of intentions it will take considerable time and exceptional diplomatic skill to develop and implement such an undertaking, perhaps on the order of 25 to 50 years, it is important that the process of consensus building - local, national and global - begin now. The mathematical inevitability that human numbers will continue their dramatic increase over the next two generations, to perhaps 9 billion by the year 2050, and the high probability that this numerical increase will exacerbate still further the systemic problems that already plague humanity (economic, political, environmental, social, moral, etc.), only reinforces this sense of urgency. There are, however, hopeful signs. In recent years, we have finally begun to come to terms with the fact that the consequences of the 20th century’s rapid and seemingly uncontrolled population growth will soon place us - if it hasn’t already done so - in the midst of the greatest crisis our species has yet encountered.

I therefore argue that over the next several generations, and beginning as soon as possible, humanity must not only take significant steps to arrest the rapid growth of human population but also begin to reduce it dramatically. However, it will be very difficult if not impossible to stop current growth short of 9 to 10 billion. This is due not only to demographic momentum but also to the great difficulties, both diplomatic and temporal, in developing and implementing the necessary political, economic, scientific and moral consensus about both ends and means.
Because there is no clear-cut evidence to support assertions to the contrary, and precious little margin for error, it is only prudent to work from the increasingly legitimate assumption that the earth’s long-term carrying capacity is no greater than two billion people, at what might be characterized as an “adequate” first world standard of living, perhaps on the level of Spain, Italy, or Taiwan. It is therefore necessary to confront the inescapable fact that human numbers will have to be reduced by 80% or more, from the allbut- inevitable 9-plus billion in the mid- 21st century to something approaching 2 billion by the end of the 22nd century, some 200 years from now. Obviously, a numerical dislocation of this magnitude will require a massive reorientation of human thought, expectations, values, and lifestyles.

Just as obviously, time is short, with an implementation window that will last no more than the next 50 to 75 years, and perhaps considerably less. This process of population stabilization and reduction should have begun a generation or more ago - say in 1960 when human numbers were “only” three billion and demographic momentum more easily arrested - and certainly cannot be delayed much longer. For it is abundantly clear that if we do not choose to address and resolve this problem ourselves, “nature” will almost certainly solve it for us, with consequences that would be at best unpredictable and at worst unimaginable.

The problem of establishing rational and defensible population “optimums” deserves further comment. Perhaps most surprising is how unusual it is to find individuals - or organizations - who are willing to state publicly and emphatically that just reaching a point of “population stability” during the next century will not be enough, either to solve our near-term demographic difficulties or to stave off a future demographic catastrophe. For the latter scenario will almost surely come to pass if humanity naively and/or unquestioningly accepts global population levels that are set so high - in the 10 to 12 billion range - that they are clearly unsustainable over the longer term. One only has to consider the stresses already evident at the current level of almost 6.7 billion to recognize that any sort of longterm stability at figures nearly double that number will be impossible to accomplish. Put most simply, there seems to be no credible alternative to the premise that a very significant population reduction must necessarily follow population stabilization.

Actually, this two billion estimate may be somewhat on the generous side, particularly in light of the fact that some recent projections for the earth’s longterm carrying capacity have been set much lower, in the one-half to one billion range, particularly if the normative lifestyle (level of consumption) aspired to is anywhere close to that of the United States.

On the other hand, even if future research shows that this global carrying capacity figure has been underestimated by at least l/2 - that is, if further analysis demonstrates that an optimum population estimate of two billion is “off-target” by a factor of two or more - the argument put forth here loses little if any of its validity or persuasive power. For example, even a population optimum in the four billion range would still require a significant decrease in global human numbers, roughly on the order of 60%.

300 Years That Never Was

Here are some starting points for researching the proposals that the Early Middle Ages didn't exist, and various studies of the falsification of history.

There were no Dark Ages (600-900) -- that seems like the easiest aspect to establish -- and therefore there was no "re-birth" since there was no "death" of Roman-era knowledge and mythology in the first place.

There are many theories, such as that Jesus didn't exist, or that even the apostle St. Paul didn't exist, or that all continents were once joined, or that heavier-than-air flight is possible, or that time and free will are illusory, or that drugs have always been the inspirational wellspring for religions. Why should the theory that the early middle ages didn't exist warrant any discussion in when investigating the origins and nature of religion?

Radical Critic Edwin Johnson wrote an important work, Antiqua Mater, in 1887, which included a little questioning of Paul's historicity, and then wrote in 1894 (7 years later) "The Pauline Epistles: Re-studied and Explained", which started by questioning the historicity of all of Paul's epistles, and continued on to question the reality and existence of all of European history prior to the invention of the printing press.

My modified version of the theory of Tradition is that, prior to the Enlightenment, no one believed in the modern literalist version of Jesus; they entirely didn't think about Christianity in such mundane terms; it was essentially all concerned with mystic experiencing and derived from it, theological doctrine.

According to the modern story, the ancients were stupid and supernaturalist, believing in Christian miracles, while moderns are smart and skeptical, and know that the Bible just reports materialist goings-on, embellished. The truth is the opposite: the ancients were smart, knowing that Christianity was basically mystic-state mythic allegory; the moderns are stupid, mistaking Christianity for literalist claims and projecting their own stupid, clueless literalism onto the pre-Enlightenment era.

The theories of no-Jesus, no-Paul/Apostles, and no-Early Middle Ages share a compatible spirit. Debaters of the historicity of Jesus should at least be aware of this. Hermann Detering is staying in the loop on this subject, and he's an important Radical Critic familiar with the no-Jesus theory.

Debating about dating is of central importance to the question of Jesus' historicity and to the broader yet fully relevant question of reconstructing the actual history of Christian origins. Therefore the general subject of time jumping in historical dating timelines is a topic that partly overlaps with and is relevant to the subject of Jesus' historicity -- especially when the subject of time jumping focuses specifically on the history of Christendom.

Detering saw this "new" time-jumping theory of Illig and crew, and pointed out to Uwe Topper, author of the book "Time Falsification", that the author of the important skeptical work Antiqua Mater, Edwin Johnson, proposed the same theory back in 1894, in "The Pauline Epistles: Re-studied and Explained".

There are many conspiracy theories to debunk. Many aspects of many of these theories fit together well. Aspects of the subject of time jumps are relevant to the origins and nature of Christianity, because the period of Western religion before the printing press was richly packed with the heritage of Greco-Roman religion, which was likely more experiential, mystic, and allegorical than the Christianity of the modern era.

Heribert Illig has a new book, Who Turned the Clock Ahead? How 300 Years of History Were Invented, on the subject of time jumping in historical dating timelines. There are some good webpages in English.

The topic of "The New Chronology" seems to focus mostly on debunking the existence of the years 600-900 (Illig's years are 614-911). That is the mild, conservative, modest theory of adjusting our calendars. Edwin Johnson takes it to a radical extreme, which is why I have trouble grasping what Johnson is saying.

To understand Johnson, the more moderate hypothesis of repudiating the existence of the years 600-900 is an effective stepping stone. I instantly liked doing away with 600-900; that solves at once many cognitive dissonances I have had. Now I can be better equipped to grasp the possible ramifications of Johnson's more sweeping reconceptualization of history.

The online resources about the nonexistence of the Dark Ages (the years 600-900) enable continuing on to study the possible ramifications of Johnson's The Pauline Epistles, which seems to be surprising even to the would-be radicals who are putting forth the minor and slight calendar adjustment of eliminating the years 600-900. Johnson seems to propose their "new chronology" -- squared. The New Chronology proponents are being surprised and humbled upon discovering that Johnson was there first and puts their supposed radicalism to shame.
Johnson doesn't provide an effective summary of what exactly he is proposing. I won't know until my third thorough reading and summarization of Johnson, but it seems that he's saying -- at the extreme -- that the entire corpus of ancient Greek, Roman, Jewish, and Christian writings was written in the monasteries around 1550 -- or something like that but more moderate.

NSW Police New Powers

POLICE will be allowed to secretly search suspects' homes and remotely access their home computers for a month under the most draconian covert operation laws the state has seen.And no one will know, because of a provision allowing investigators to keep those being spied on in the dark for up to three years.

The laws, which give police greater power to deal with criminals than they have to use against suspected terrorists, were introduced into Parliament without warning by the Government yesterday as part of a crackdown on criminal gangs. However, they drew immediate criticism from civil libertarians, who claimed it was an invasion of personal freedom and from the NSW Opposition, who claimed they wouldn't work.Premier Nathan Rees said NSW would be the first jurisdiction in Australia to adopt the covert search warrants, modelled on Commonwealth anti-terrorism legislation.

Do the new police powers go too far? Tell us below"If you are a serious criminal in NSW you should not sleep easy," Mr Rees said. "These laws will enable our police force to inspect your home without you knowing."The warrants will be issued through the Supreme Court and limited to investigations of suspected serious offences punishable by at least seven years jail. These include the manufacture of drugs, computer crimes, the sale of firearms, homicide and kidnapping.NSW Police will be able to apply to the Supreme Court to delay notification of their activities for 18 months and up to three years in some exceptional circumstances.

Civil libertarians said the new laws were not only the next step in the creation of a police state but could also foster corruption in the force."These powers are more powerful than those available to the federal police when dealing with terrorism suspects," NSW Council for Civil Liberties president Cameron Murphy said. "These are exactly the types of laws that led to a huge police corruption problem in NSW in the past. It is going to lead to more police corruption. Why would the NSW Police need more power in dealing with ordinary criminals than the federal police does in dealing with terrorists?"Opposition police spokesman Mike Gallacher said the announcement would simply tell organised criminals they need to be smarter.

"They'll do so in such a way that houses are not penetrated, that the houses themselves have video surveillance . . . or are not left vacant at all at any stage,"

he said.

http://www.unexplainedaustralia.com/hyperlink

The End Day

Who is Saint-Germain?

Saint-Germain: The Immortal Count

He was a brilliant alchemist who, it is believed, discovered the secret of eternal life. He courted Europe's rich and famous for hundreds of years... and some believe he still lives.

---

Is it possible that a man can achieve immortality - to live forever? That is the startling claim of a historical figure known as Count de Saint-Germain. Records date his birth to the late 1600s, although some believe that his longevity reaches back to the time of Christ. He has appeared many times throughout history - even as recently as the 1970s - always appearing to be about 45 years old. He was known by many of the most famous figures of European history, including Casanova, Madame de Pampadour, Voltaire, King Louis XV, Catherine the Great, Anton Mesmer and others.

Who was this mysterious man? Are the stories of his immortality mere legend and folklore? Or is it possible that he really did discover the secret of defeating death?

Origins
When the man who first became known as Saint-Germain was born is unknown, although most accounts say he was born in the 1690s. A genealogy compiled by Annie Besant for her co-authored book, The Comte De St. Germain: The Secret of Kings, asserts that he was born the son of Francis Racoczi II, Prince of Transylvania in 1690. Other accounts, taken less seriously by most, say he was alive in the time of Jesus and attended the wedding at Cana, where the young Jesus turned water into wine. He was also said to be present at the council of Nicaea in 325 A.D.
What is almost unanimously agreed on, however, is that Saint-Germain became accomplished in the art of alchemy, the mystical "science" that strives to control the elements. The foremost goal of this practice was the creation of "projection powder" or the elusive "philosopher's stone," which, it was claimed, when added to the molten form of such base metals as lead could turn them into pure silver or gold. Furthermore, this magical power could be used in an elixir that would impart immortality on those who drank it. Count de Saint-Germain, it is believed, discovered this secret of alchemy.

Courting European Society
Saint-Germain first came into prominence in the high society of Europe in 1742. He had just spent five years in the shah of Persia's court where he had learned the jeweler's craft. He beguiled the royals and the rich with his vast knowledge of science and history, his musical ability, his easy charm and quick wit. He spoke many languages fluently, including French, German, Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian and English, and was further familiar with Chinese, Latin, Arabic - even ancient Greek and Sanskrit.

It might have been his extraordinary learnedness that led acquaintances to see that he was a remarkable man, but an anecdote from 1760 most likely gave rise to the notion that Saint-Germain could be immortal. In Paris that year, Countess von Georgy heard that a Count de Saint-Germain had arrived for a soiree at the home of Madame de Pompadour, mistress of King Louis XV of France. The elderly countess was curious because she had known a Count de Saint-Germain while in Venice in 1710. Upon meeting the count again, she was astonished to see that he hadn't appeared to age, and asked him if it was his father she knew in Venice.

"No, Madame," he replied, "but I myself was living in Venice at the end of the last and the beginning of this century; I had the honor to pay you court then."
"Forgive me, but that it impossible!" the perplexed countess said. "The Count de Saint-Germain I knew in those days was at least forty-five years old. And you, at the outside, are that age at present."

"Madame, I am very old," he said with a knowing smile.

"But then you must be nearly 100 years old," said the astonished countess.
"That is not impossible," the count told her matter-of-factly, then continued to convince the countess that he was indeed the same man she knew with the details of their previous meetings and of life in Venice 50 years earlier.

Ever Present, Never Aging
Saint-Germain traveled extensively throughout Europe over the next 40 years - and in all that time never seemed to age. Those who met him were impressed by his many abilities and peculiarities:
·He could play the violin like a virtuoso.
·He was an accomplished painter.
·Wherever he traveled, he set up an elaborate laboratory, presumably for his alchemy work.
·He seemed to be a man of great wealth, but was not known to have any bank accounts. (If it was due to his ability to transmute base metals into gold, he never performed the feat for observers.)
·He dined often with friends because he enjoyed their company, but was rarely seen to eat food in public. He subsisted, it was said, on a diet of oatmeal.
·He prescribed recipes for the removal of facial wrinkles and for dyeing hair.
·He loved jewels, and much of his clothing - including his shoes - were studded with them.
·He had perfected a technique for painting jewels.
·He claimed to be able to fuse several small diamonds into one large one. He also said he could make pearls grow to incredible sizes.
·He has been linked to several secret societies, including the Rosicrucians, Freemasons, Society of Asiatic Brothers, the Knights of Light, the Illuminati and Order of the Templars.
The renowned 18th philosopher, Voltaire - himself a respected man of science and reason - said of Saint-Germain that he is "a man who never dies, and who knows everything."

Throughout the 18th century, Count de Saint-Germain continued to use his seemingly endless knowledge of the world in the politics and social intrigues of the European elite:
·The the 1740s he became a trusted diplomat in the court of King Louis XV of France, performing secret missions for him in England.

·In 1760 he performed a similar function at the Hague, where he met the infamous lover, Giacomo Girolamo Casanova. Casanova later said of Saint-Germain, "This extraordinary man... would say in an easy, assured manner that he was 300 years old, that he knew the secret of the Universal Medicine, that he possessed a mastery over nature, that he could melt diamonds... all this, he said, was mere trifle to him."

·In 1762 he traveled to Russia where it is said he was complicit in a conspiracy that placed Catherine the Great on the throne. He later advised the commander of the imperial Russian armies in the war against Turkey (which they won).

·In 1774 he returned to France when Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette occupied the throne. He allegedly warned them of the revolution that was to come 15 years in the future.

In 1779 he went to Hamburg, Germany, where he befriended Prince Charles of Hesse-Cassel. For the next five years, he lived as a guest in the prince's castle at Eckernförde. And, according to local records, that is where Saint-Germain died on February 27, 1784.

Back From the Dead
For any ordinary mortal, that would be the end of the story. But not for Count de Saint-Germain. He would continue to be seen throughout the 19th century and into the 20th century!
·In 1785 he was seen in Germany with Anton Mesmer, the pioneer hypnotist. (Some claim that it was Saint-Germain who gave Mesmer the basic ideas for hypnotism and personal magnetism.)
·Official records of Freemasonry show that they chose Saint-Germain as their representative for a convention in 1785.

·After the taking of the Bastille in the French Revolution in 1789, the Comtesse d'Adhémar said she had a lengthy conversation with Count de Saint-Germain. He allegedly told her of France's immediate future, as if he knew what was to come. In 1821, she wrote: "I have seen Saint-Germain again, each time to my amazement. I saw him when the queen [Antoinette] was murdered, on the 18th of Brumaire, on the day following the death of the Duke d'Enghien, in January, 1815, and on the eve of the murder of the Duke de Berry." The last time she saw him was in 1820 - and each time he looked to be a man no older than his mid-40s.
After 1821, Saint-Germain may have taken on another identity. In his memoirs, Albert Vandam wrote of meeting a man who bore a striking resemblance to Count de Saint-Germain, but who went by the name of Major Fraser. Vandam wrote:

"He called himself Major Fraser, lived alone and never alluded to his family. Moreover he was lavish with money, though the source of his fortune remained a mystery to everyone. He possessed a marvelous knowledge of all the countries in Europe at all periods. His memory was absolutely incredible and, curiously enough, he often gave his hearers to understand that he had acquired his learning elsewhere than from books. Many is the time he has told me, with a strange smile, that he was certain he had known Nero, had spoken with Dante, and so on."
Major Fraser disappeared without a trace.

Between 1880 and 1900, Saint-Germain's name once again became prominent when members of the Theosophical Society, including famed mystic Helena Blavatsky, claimed that he was still alive and working toward the "spiritual development of the West." There is even an allegedly genuine photo taken of Blavatsky and Saint-Germain together. And in 1897, the famous French singer Emma Calve dedicated an autographed portrait of herself to Saint-Germain.

The most recent appearance of a man claiming to be Saint-Germain was in 1972 in Paris when a man named Richard Chanfray announced he was the legendary count. He appeared on French television, and to prove his claim apparently turned lead into gold on a camp stove before the cameras. Chanfray later committed suicide in 1983.

So who was Count Saint-Germain? Was he a successful alchemist who found the secret of eternal life? Was he a time traveler? Or was he a highly intelligent man whose reputation became a fantastic legend?

Zeitgeist: The Movie

Zeitgeist: Addendum

The Secret Century

The Bionic Reporter

The idea of lifecasting is not new: Justin.tv was an interesting project which saw a San Franciscan wear a webcam 24/7 and broadcast direct to the net.

It was arguably inspired by MIT's Dr Steve Mann who pioneered Sousveillance, using recording technology worn on the body to reflect the viewpoint of one of the people engaged in surveillance.

But Rob Spence is going further. He is planning to have a camera embedded in his eye socket in order to become a 'bionic reporter'.

Speaking at DNA 2009, he explained he had lost an eye when young and had long thought about camera technology to replace his lost vision.

The camera eye will move in sync with the healthy eye, it will blink and it will be able to transmit footage live.

He explains: "One of the obvious applications is to be a reporter that has access to places other reporters don't - or access to conversations that normal people don't."

He says having direct eye contact will lead to a unique point of view and potentially a new grammar of film-making.

He has developed a prototype and is looking for further funding of $50,000 to complete the technical aspects of the eye. He is currently filming a documentary about the project.

"The more I tell journalists I am getting a camera in my head, the more journalists ask if it is worse than surveillance society.

"We are sleep walking into a surveillance society and nobody cares. But if I say I am getting an eye camera people say it is ethically tricky."

But he says: "I wouldn't release any footage without a release form."

His project points to a time when people may replace healthy, working eyes with cameras.

"It seems shocking now, but it will become and more normal.

He says he expects to have a working prototype in the next month.

"Stay tuned: eyeborg is coming."

A Lost Time Piece?

China: Archaeologists excavating a Ming dynasty tomb have called in experts after being baffled by a discovery of a watch ring with 'Swiss' engraved on the back.

The archaeologists are currently working a documentary with two Shangsi journalists, and are puzzled as to the origins of the timepiece. It is thought that the site had not been disturbed since its creation four centuries ago.

Watches, before their inexpensive miniaturization in the 20th century, were mostly pocket watches, which often had covers and were carried in a pocket and attached to a watch chain or watch fob. Watches evolved in the 1600s from spring powered clocks, which first appeared in the 1400s.

The Ming Dynasty, or Empire of the Great Ming, was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644.

"When we tried to remove the soil wrapped around the coffin, a piece of rock suddenly dropped off and hit the ground with a metallic sound," said Jiang Yanyu, a former curator of the Guangxi Autonomous Region Museum.

"We picked up the object, and found it was a ring. After removing the covering soil and examining it further, we were shocked to see it was a watch."

The dig is currently suspended and awaiting experts to arrive from Beijing to help them unravel the mystery. The clock's arms last displayed 10:06 AM.

Nasa's search for 2nd Earth?

The US space agency's first mission to look for habitable, Earth-sized planets has begun, or has it?

The launch of the Kepler spacecraft from Cape Canaveral in Florida today marks the beginning of the most ambitious hunt for planets like ours in distant solar systems.

The Kepler telescope will spend three-and-a-half years staring deep into a starry region of the Milky Way, in the direction of the constellations Cygnus and Lyra, in the hope of spotting Earth-sized planets as they pass in front of their stars.

Every half hour, Kepler will record the brightness of 100,000 stars using a 95 megapixel camera built by the British firm e2v.

The camera is so sensitive, it could spot the imperceptible dimming of a car headlight as a fly wanders across it.

(lets hope they don't turn it towards earth!)

The mission will focus its attention on planets in the "Goldilocks region" of space, where conditions are just right for liquid water to exist. Some of these worlds could potentially be home to life as we know it.

By the end of the mission, we may have a clearer idea of our place in the universe, and whether warm, wet rocks like Earth are the exception rather than the rule.

Injectable Barcode

RFID chips, which have found a home in applications ranging from toll road passes to smart retail shelves, may be close to taking up residence in the human body.

A Florida-based company has introduced a passive RFID chip that is compatible with human tissue, and the developer is proposing the chip for use on implantable pacemakers, defibrillators and artificial joints. The company, Applied Digital Solutions, also said that the chip could be injected through a syringe and used as a sort of "human bar code" in security applications.

Called the VeriChip, the device could open up a broad new segment for the $900 million-a-year RFID business, especially if society embraces the idea of using microchips for human identification. Applied Digital executives ultimately believe that the worldwide market for such implantable chips could reach $70 billion per year.

"The human market for this technology could be huge," said Keith Bolton, senior vice president of technology development at the company.

Futurists agree that the idea of using microchips inside the body could ultimately represent a large market opportunity, but they doubt whether this initial effort will have a significant effect on the RFID market.

"Are we going to see chips embedded in the human body? You bet we are," said Paul Saffo, a director of The Institute for the Future. "But it isn't going to happen overnight."

Pacemaker helper
Still, Applied Digital Solutions' executives are preparing to sell between $2.5 million and $5 million worth of VeriChips in 2002. The company initially plans to sell the chips in South America and Europe for use with pacemakers and defibrillators. In that application, it could be attached to the outside of the heart device or implanted nearby in the body.

Doing so would enable medical personnel to identify and monitor a patient's implanted devices merely by running a handheld scanner over the patient's chest.

"If you're a pacemaker user and you're in an accident and in shock, an ambulance attendant could scan the body and retrieve information about the device," Bolton said. "The chip could provide information about the [pacemaker's] settings, who its manufacturer is and whether you have any medical allergies."

The company said it is working with makers of implantable pacemakers and defibrillators to incorporate the chip during the equipment-manufacturing process.

Applied Digital Solutions is awaiting approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and does not expect to sell the chips in the United States until that approval is granted. The company's engineers said they expect approval later this year.

The announcement of the chip's availability created a media stir, howevernot because of its potential use with pacemakers but because of its science-fiction-like potential application in human identification systems. Because the microchip and its antenna measure just 11.1-by-2.1mm, Applied Digital Solutions said the assembly can be injected through a syringe and implanted in various locations within the body.

The tube-shaped VeriChip includes a memory that holds 128 characters of information, an electromagnetic coil for transmitting data and a tuning capacitor, all encapsulated within a silicone-and-glass enclosure. The passive RF unit, which operates at 125kHz, is activated by moving a company-designed scanner within about a foot of the chip. Doing so excites the coil and "wakes up" the chip, enabling it to transmit data.

The chips are said to be similar to those that are already implanted in about a million dogs and cats nationwide to enable pet owners to identify and reclaim animals that have been temporarily lost. Applied Digital Solutions, which has made the pet-tracking chips for several years, says that the human chips differ mainly in the biocompatible coating that's used to keep the body from rejecting the implanted chip. The VeriChip is believed to be the first such chip designed for human identification.

Inspired by Sept. 11
In September, Applied Digital Solutions implanted its first human chip when a New Jersey surgeon, Richard Seelig, injected two of the chips into himself. He placed one chip in his left forearm and the other near the artificial hip in his right leg.

"He was motivated after he saw firefighters at the World Trade Center in September writing their Social Security numbers on their forearms with Magic Markers," Bolton said. "He thought that there had to be a more sophisticated way of doing an identification."

Applied Digital said Seelig, who serves as a medical consultant to the company, has now had the chips implanted in him for three months with no signs of rejection or infection.
Ordinarily, the company said, the chips would be implanted in a doctor's office under local anesthesia.

Applied Digital's executives said the ability to inject the chips opens up a variety of RFID applications in high-security situations, as well other types of human identification systems. The chips, they said, could be implanted in young children or in adults with Alzheimer's disease, to help officials identify people who can't identify themselves.

But the company is backing away from involuntary identification applications, such the tracking of prisoners or parolees. "We are advocating that this technology be totally voluntary," Bolton said.

Whether the technology will boost the market for RFID chips remains uncertain. Industry analysts had assumed that by now RFID would constitute a far larger market than its current, $900 million annual tally.

A consortium of major manufacturers has sought to push the technology as a replacement for bar codes in everyday products ranging from cereal boxes to shaving cream cans, but the cost hasn't dropped low enough to make that feasible. More recently, a group led by the European Central Bank began work on embedding RFID chips in the Euro bank note, but the chip category has yet to find its killer app.

Applied Digital nonetheless has high hopes for its RFID technology. The publicly held company's stock did not fare well last year, plummeting from a high of $3 a share on Feb. 7 to 11 cents per share on Sept. 17. But its per-share stock price jumped to 50 cents from 38 cents after the company announced the VeriChip.

Eventual adoption
Analysts expressed confidence that the concept would eventually be adopted but were skeptical about its immediate future. "For this to work, you are going to need a standard that everyone agrees to," said Saffo of The Institute for the Future. "Then you have to convince people to buy reading devices that may be fairly costly."

Applied Digital's engineers would not say how much the chips or handheld readers might cost. The company's reader is a proprietary unit that is required for use with the VeriChip.

Some further suggested that the chip might be too large for easy adoption. Veterinarians who have implanted the chips in dogs and cats say that the techniques used in animals are unlikely to be embraced by humans. "The needle is huge," said Dean Christopoulos, a veterinarian in Des Plaines, Ill. "It's almost as thick as your pinky."

Some engineers suggested the technology might ultimately be scaled down, making the chip's acceptance more likely. At Alien Technology Corp., engineers have already discussed using that company's ultrasmall RFID chips in human applications. Alien, which uses a process known as fluidic self-assembly to create chips measuring 0.35-by-0.35mm, has demonstrated its 900MHz technology on everyday products such as soap and shampoo bottles. The coded information can be detected and read across distances measuring almost 914.4mm.

"There are companies making RFID tags that are much smaller than a couple of millimeters," said Andy Holman, director of business development for Alien Technology.

Analysts also suggested that human identification technology would be more likely to be popularized when engineers are able to integrate more memory and other features, such as global-positioning satellite units and induction-based power-recharging techniques. GPS might help find lost children and adults, they said, while larger memories would enable doctors to store vital patient information.

The concept "goes all the way back to the 1960s," said Jerry Krasner, vice president of market intelligence for American Technology International Inc.'s Embedded Forecasters Group. "What's new is the ability to store a lot of data.

"As soon as you can do that, you'll see more applications for this type of technology," he said.

Population Disaster

THE world is overpopulating itself to a catastrophic future of terrorism and climatic disaster, according to a Melbourne University professor of reproductive biology.

Professor Roger Short will tell an international conference in Sydney today that for the first time in history, human activity is outstripping the natural world's ability to cope. The reason, he says, is exploding and uncontrolled population growth.

He is calling for a vast increase in the availability and use of contraception to slow the birthrate worldwide, and says only one country — China, through its one-child policy — has shown the way to future stability and sustainable environmental and economic growth.

Professor Short said China had relatively few young people in relation to those of middle age and older, while many developing nations were heavy with youth who had few prospects.
Pakistan was a perfect example of the problem, with rivers of young men with no hope of a modern education, job or a reasonable income, making them ripe fodder for much greater terrorism than currently seen.

"What we have seen in Pakistan over the past days is but a small foretaste of what is to come," Professor Short said, referring to the terrorist attack on the Sri Lankan cricket team. "Palestine's population statistics are staggering — half the population is aged below 16. The problem is critical across the whole of Africa, and in Nigeria, for instance, the situation is virtually out of control."

Professor Short said the only hope for the environment and political stability was to empower women to reduce fertility: in short, to make contraception and other methods of birth control much more widely available.

"In the long term, there is some hope — women generally have more good sense than men," he said.

Australia was not exempt from the problem: it had one of the highest rates of teenage pregnancy in the developed world, partly because of poor sex education and partly because the contraceptive pill could only be obtained by doctor's prescription. The Prime Minister, he said, should convene a cabinet committee to determine an official population policy.

Professor Short will deliver the opening address at today's 25th "Foetus as a Patient" international congress in Sydney, which focuses on the care of pregnant women and their babies.
Professor Short will bring to the conference the conclusions of a scientific investigation into the impact of global population changes that were aired by eminent scientists at the Fred H. Bixby Forum at the University of California.

The 41 scientists from across the world who attended the forum found that rapid population growth combined with massively increasingly use of fossil fuels was exhausting the earth's capacity to support life.

Professor Short said the British scientist, environmentalist and futurist James Lovelock had predicted that the human population would crash to somewhere between half a billion and a billion by 2100 — from its present 6.7 billion — as the natural world struck back.

"I think that is alarmist, but Lovelock is a very wise man, and we already know that without serious attempts to change our course, deforestation, drought and desertification will overtake us, and the whole equatorial belt will become uninhabitable," he said.

Mystery of the ‘Land of Twins’

CÂNDIDO GODÓI, Brazil — High atop a hill behind his family’s home, Derli Grimm knelt and took a sip from a thin black tube leading from a natural spring.

Like so many in this farming town, populated almost entirely by German-speaking immigrants, Mr. Grimm, 19, believes that something in the water — a mysterious mineral, perhaps — is responsible for the town’s unusual concentration of twins.

“It can’t all be explained by genetics,” said Mr. Grimm, himself a twin.

Geneticists would like to disagree with him, but even they have no solid explanation for the 38 pairs of twins among about 80 families living in a one-and-a-half-square-mile area.
The mystery has persisted for decades, attracting international attention and inspiring books and investigations by geneticists. It is one reason locals are in no hurry to try to prove their water theory. They are too busy posing for journalists and marketing their town to tourists as the “twins capital of the world.”

Some researchers have suggested the darker possibility that Josef Mengele, the Nazi physician known as the Angel of Death, was involved. Mengele, residents say, roamed this region of southern Brazil, posing as a veterinarian, in the 1960s, about the time the twins explosion began. In a book published last year, an Argentine journalist, Jorge Camarasa, suggested that Mengele conducted experiments with women here that resulted in the higher rate of twins, many of them with blond hair and light-colored eyes. The experiments, locals said, may have involved new types of drugs and preparations, or even the artificial insemination Mengele claimed to know about, regarding cows and humans.

But neither Mr. Camarasa nor any other adherent of the Mengele theory has been able to prove the escaped Nazi conducted any experiments here. Mengele, who died in Brazil in 1979, was notorious for his often deadly experiments on twins at Auschwitz, ostensibly in an effort to produce a master Aryan race for Hitler.

“People who are speculating about Mengele are doing so to sell books,” said Paulo Sauthier, a historian who runs a museum here. “He studied the twins phenomenon in Germany, not here.”
A sign at the entrance to Cândido Godói says, “Garden City and Land of Twins.” More than 80 percent of its 6,700 residents are of German descent. They began arriving around World War I, lured by the prospect of cheap land, an agreeable farming climate and incentives from the Brazilian government to colonize the area.

The twins phenomenon is centered in the 300-person settlement of São Pedro, the part of Cândido Godói where the Grimms live. Mr. Sauthier, a twin, was born here in 1964. His mother, a Grimm, comes from one of the eight original families to settle São Pedro in 1918.
Even today they live a relatively isolated existence. Oxen still drag farm machinery. Residents speak a German dialect to one another.

It was in the early 1990s that the high proportion of twins was widely noticed. Soon, camera crews were rolling in from all over. Town leaders declared São Pedro to have the highest concentration of twins in the world. (A spokesman for Guinness World Records could not confirm that claim, saying Guinness did not keep track of the category.)

Today, residents relish the attention. Last year, at São Pedro’s sixth biennial twins party, they erected a statue of a woman holding a boy in one arm and his twin sister in the other, and installed a moat-like “fertility spring” that lights up at night.

Like many twins here, Fabiane and Tatiane Grimm, 22, have been posing for twins-seekers since they were babies. When a journalist and a photographer showed up unannounced, their mother ushered them from a barn into the house to shower before posing for pictures.
“It’s not too much of a mystery to me,” said Fabiane, whose family has five pairs of twins. “My brother married his third cousin. There are lots of cases like that, people marrying their cousins or other close family members.”

But to some, the mystery remains. A decade ago, Anencir Flores da Silva, a town doctor and former mayor of Cândido Godói, set out to solve it, and he has since interviewed more than 100 people. He said he believed that people were holding back information about Mengele.
“In a region full of Nazis, there are some that remain silent, who are scared,” Dr. da Silva said. “It is important that we discover the truth.”

A book he helped write about the twins, published in 2007, tells of several visits Mengele made to the region, using false names.

“I am convinced that Mengele was in the region and was observing the twins phenomenon,” Dr. da Silva said. He said a man identifying himself as Rudolf Weiss attended women with varicose veins and sometimes performed dental work. And some residents told him a German man was driving from home to home in a mobile laboratory, collecting samples and ministering to women.
Mr. Sauthier, the historian, said that the assertions lacked proof and that the German community did not deserve to be associated with “a criminal like Mengele.”

“There are no Nazi sympathizers in this region,” he said, although he acknowledged a historical interest in Nazi artifacts, including a 1937 metal milk can with a swastika in his museum and a 1936 photo of schoolchildren in Cândido Godói holding swastika flags that was included in Dr. da Silva’s book.

Geneticists say the most likely explanation for the twins is genetic isolation and inbreeding. Ursula Matte, a geneticist in Porto Alegre, found that from 1990 to 1994, 10 percent of the births in São Pedro were twins, compared with 1.8 percent for the state of Rio Grande do Sul.
There was no evidence of the use of contraceptives or fertility drugs among the women, nor of any genetic mixing with people of African origin, who have higher twinning rates than caucasians, Dr. Matte said. But the rate of identical twins here, at 47 percent of all twin births, is far higher than the 30 percent that is expected in the general population, she found.

While identical twins are generally thought to occur randomly in the population, independent of genetic factors, the remarkable discrepancy in the frequency of identical twins has led Dr. Matte to conclude that Sao Pedro is an "isolated phenomenon" where unknown genetic factors must be at work.

So the speculation continues.
Mr. Sauthier said he believed private water sources like the one Derli Grimm enjoys contain a mineral that affects ovulation. “To this day, no one has tested that water,” he said, noting that in the past decade the town switched to underground well water, a possible explanation for a recent decline in twin births.

Testing the spring sources would be expensive and, Dr. Matte said, would require some hypothesis about what the research was looking for. She doubts the town will ever push seriously to do a study. “They like to maintain the mystery,” she said.

Italian doctor cloned babies

2 days ago

ROME (AFP) — A controversial Italian doctor known for his work allowing post-menopausal women to have children has claimed in an interview to have cloned three babies who are now living in eastern Europe.

"I helped give birth to three children with the human cloning technique," Severino Antinori, a prominent gynaecologist, told Oggi weekly in an interview to appear Wednesday.

"It involved two boys and a girl who are nine years old today. They were born healthy and they are in excellent health now."

He did not provide proof of his claims, but said cells from the three fathers, who were sterile, allowed the cloning to be carried out.

The women's egg cells were impregnated in a laboratory through a method called "nuclear transfer," he said.

Antinori, who became famous after allowing a 63-year-old woman to have a child in 1994, said "respect for the families' privacy does not allow me to go further."

He added that the method used was "an improvement" over the technique used to clone Dolly the sheep in 1996.

Reminded by the journalist that such cloning is prohibited in heavily Catholic Italy, the doctor said he preferred to "speak of innovative therapies" or "genetic recoding" rather than cloning.

Two weeks ago, Antinori sparked controversy by announcing that he would artificially impregnate a woman whose husband is in an irreversible coma following a brain tumour.
It would be the first procedure of its kind in Italy if successful.

Peak Oil Crisis

Prepare to Survive!
Why are indications of peak oil an oil crisis? The peak oil crisis is more about social and economic suffering than the end of oil!

Warning:

The following may be very traumatic to think about. We will need all our strength and courage to deal with the consequences of what "peak oil" and de-industrialization means. We can handle the truth and we have the right to know what the most frightening and challenging issue is that we are facing in the world. Knowing what difficulties are in front of us is the first step in choosing for ourselves how we will react. If this is the first time for you to learn about the worlds energy situation (oil and natural gas) then you will need some time to think about these coming events, and more time to do your own research to fully satisfy your mind and affirm your ability to get through the difficult times ahead.

Prepare To Survive The Suffering of the New World disOrder
An introduction to the peak oil energy crisis.

It is estimated that the world may have enough oil to year 2030 at current consumption, and enough natural gas to year 2060 if all known reserves were recoverable. Life will not continue as is until every last drop is gone. There continues to be small amounts of oil suspected as reserves around the world, but not in the quantities that will alter the clear shortages and competition for it. It is very unlikely that a child born after 2005 will ever need a driver license, and it is very likely that before 2020 many people around the world will be living without the benefits of oil and will lose the use of natural gas at the same time.

It is likely that a World War (the energy war) has started, and as limited oil reserves are depleted aggression will escalate. The worlds' remaining known approximate oil reserves 2004-2005: Saudi Arabia 24%, Iraq 10%, Iran 10%, Kuwait 9%, United Arab Emirates 9%, Russia 9%, Venezuela 8%, Mexico 5%, United States 5% (not counting oil shale), Nigeria 2%, Libya 2%, China 2%, Kazakhstan 2%, Algeria 1.5%, Canada .5% (not counting tar/oil sands), Norway .5%, Indonesia, .5%. All percentages are rounded and approximated. Oil from tar sands and oil shale are not included because the high amount of energy inputs, water consumption, and waste production will likely hinder these sources of oil from being anything more than limited supplies. The nations most near and friendly to us, Mexico and Canada, have very limited reserves and are rapidly being depleted as we are. The remaining oil reserves are in nations in less friendly regions and the oil is in areas more difficult to extract. Although we hear about "discoveries," our future oil security is seriously at risk.

Because private companies and nations have over-estimated oil reserves it is difficult to be exact but these estimates of world oil reserves are close and further research will reflect this. Also, rapid exploitation may have damaged many reserves' wells and will limit production. It may be that we (the world) have much less than is believed! The United States past its "peak oil" point back in the early 1970's ( for further research refer to Peak Oil Crisis Books) and now imports about two-thirds (2/3) of its oil. The U.S. economy and the current American way of life is supported by energy from other nations. Those nations that have not already past peak oil (maximum production) are very near it. In the future, production will decrease while at the same time demand increases. The spread between supply and demand will cause higher prices (for all products), and international tensions leading to violence.

In the near future products made from oil (plastics and petrochemicals) will become very expensive. Also, everything is transported by oil (gas/diesel) and will go up in price because of the increase in shipping costs.

Many of our homes are heated by heating oil and natural gas. Most electricity is produced from natural gas (propane is liquefied natural gas or LNG) or coal which requires oil (gasoline and diesel fuel) for mining and shipping. Fertilizers and pesticides require oil and/or natural gas for manufacture. Giant agricultural corporations can not feed the world without tractors, fertilizers and pesticides. Industries will not be able to produce our consumer products without oil.

Nations will begin fighting (have begun fighting) for oil and natural gas to save their economies. As people are unable to pay higher prices for manufactured products, employers will begin layoffs and unemployment will increase. The unemployed will not be able to buy, and businesses will close creating more layoffs and homelessness. Protests, riots, and crime will increase and the response will be martial law, a police state, and government seizure of weapons, foods, and medicines for emergency relief and control could happen. All of the efforts to control and protect remaining resources will ultimately fail. This spiral of war, failing businesses, and social decay will get worse in all nations as oil and natural gas resources are depleted.

Because of easy access to fossil fuel energy there is significantly more population than can survive without it. Failing to decrease the increasing population, have we come to the point were we must increase the decreasing population? It is possible that the use of virus, or bacteria to significantly reduce populations will be considered.

What can we do?
Peak Oil Crisis Emergency Survival Preparedness

It is wise to consider the basics of emergency preparedness and survival kits: air, water, food, shelter, clothing, healthcare, and community (family, friends, neighbors) because it will take many working together to meet the needs of survival.

We can encourage our community to power our water delivery system with wind and solar energy. We can add photovoltaic solar panels, wind energy turbines, and power storage batteries to our homes and not be dependent on costly natural gas, propane, fuel oil, coal, grid electricity, wood, wood pellets, or other heating means that will likely not be available, or at a price we can afford. We can build homes partially underground and use earth sheltering to significantly reduce heating and cooling costs, and live in homes that will shield us from nuclear weapon radiation fallout. Also, earth provides a foundation for defense from predators, fire and high winds. Depending on location the earths' soil has nearly constant below-frost-line temperature of around ± 55º fahrenheit requiring no cooling and only slight amounts of heating.

We can add a greenhouse to our country life home farmstead, survival retreat land, and learn organic gardening and begin buying the hand tools necessary; grow and use grain, and learn home canning of naturally wholesome homegrown fruits and vegetables. We can learn and begin raising meat rabbits, sheep, goats, cattle, pigs, chickens on pasture; and have an aquaculture pond, or container tanks, for small scale fish farming ( fish are great protein and they generate fertilizer for our gardens). We can add a worm farm to our home gardening for soil improvement and fish food. We can learn about and begin keeping honey bees. We can learn and begin hydroponics, and garden without soil. We can learn about food storage and food combinations for health and fitness. We can live healthy non-self-destructive lifestyles. We can learn about herbal healthcare, grow, and begin using herbs for good health and for making hygiene products. . We can remember that our children will not have prepared foods, grocery stores, shopping malls, hospitals, jobs, or even governments. We can acquire equipment like archery bows, Pellet Air Guns, GPS, rangefinders, binoculars, spotting scopes, rifle scopes, weapons and ammunition; and learn self-defense skills. We should remember that storing all these items and making all these preparations might only last a generation because as they wear-out there might not be replacement parts!

What we can do, and what we need, depends on our community (region, rural, urban, hot, cold, etc.), and how people and governments react to the changes, but small-scale sustainable organic subsistence farming is the only real hope.

Can we return to a simpler time before oil and natural gas? In centuries past people had arts, crafts and skills that would allow them to live without fossil fuels. Generally, these skills and crafts are lost. We must again learn how to farm, travel and transport with real horse power and make what we need like a blacksmith, carpenter or craftsman from years past. We went from Stone Age to Information Age, and in the near future we will be on the way back to Stone Age. For those who would enjoy a more simple life like before industrialization then this is a return to a lifestyle long ago lost. Technology has made many things possible but it has brought with it as much bad as good. There may be a better world awaiting us on the other side (of the suffering) but first we must go through the changes. It will be those who have prepared their minds, bodies, spirit, and lifestyle for the changes who will get through the suffering. Starting early and living the self-sufficient/interdependent communal lifestyle before mass unemployment, homelessness, starvation, disease, riots of violent mobs, predatory gangs, Mutant Urban Cannibals (MUC's), and warring nations make preparation impossible is a very wise choice! There will come a time when it is too late. It is likely that most people will get to that time without understanding what is going on.

Era Of Neo-Tribalism Begins

Small clusters of mostly agrarian communal groups, with limited nomadic hunting and gathering opportunities. People will trade/barter with each other in areas not in "hot zones" of radioactive fallout from nuclear weapons.

Although cities might be mostly abandoned, the industrial era buildings can be mined (scavenged) for resources: tools, supplies, clothing, building materials, etc.

Five regions could replace the states (Southern, Southwest, Northwest, Midwest, Northeast/Great Lakes) and possibly be the "New World Order" of the United States, and the coasts, military targets and large cities in war ruins with predator scavengers.

It is impossible to know now how America will look then (after the suffering) but we would be in denial to believe that hungry, sick, angry people and warring nations will not do the worse that we can imagine.

Because of global warming climate changes, weather patterns will change and what was typical year 2000 regional wind, rain, snow, cloud seasons will be significantly different. This makes it hard to plan for wind and solar power, organic agriculture, or sustainable community development for the future.

This is very scary stuff but you do not need to be part of those who will die from freezing, starvation, sickness, or violence. Now is the time to study (books), and practice, while there is a little time.

We should do what we can and hope for the best. Good luck and see you on the other side of the suffering!

Neanderthal vs Nephilim

A speculative research paper examining current evidence available on Neanderthal man with comparison to references in early manuscripts of the Nephilim as an ancient race of half-caste humans. The argument is presented that the scientific facts verify that the Neanderthal were in fact one and the same as the ancient warrior race the Nephilim. It is proposed that an examination of the evidence and facts currently available on Neanderthal man will reveal that they could well have been this race of half-caste humans referred to in some of the earliest manuscripts found as the Nephilim.

Neanderthal man has become an enigma to science once being hailed as the proof of the evolution of apes to modern man. He was considered to be the brutish ancestor link to man in the evolution chain, the intermediate stage between man and ape. Now! Neanderthal is recognized by scientists as a contemporary of modern man living alongside humans with many human attributes. But amazingly with a LARGER brain than mans! Were they the Nephilim?
To address this question first we need to examine the current facts and information available on

Neanderthal man : The Archaeological History of Neanderthal Finds
In 1856 workers in the Neander Valley near Duesseldorf, Germany uncovered a skull and bones. The skull was unlike anything seen before, with a flattened cranium with a heavy ridge above very large eye sockets. Nearby, workers also uncovered an assortment of thick and heavily fossilized bones. In succeeding years many further specimens were found, not only in the German Neander Valley, but in France, Italy, Iraq and Israel.

Controversy surrounded the interpretation of these fossils. Initially a German Anatomist Rudolf Virchow examined the first discovery and concluded they were Homo sapien with rickets, caused by a deficiency of vitamin D. He considered that the flattened head was caused by repeated powerful blows (his examination was done pre Darwinism 1859 ).

When more finds came to light with what also appeared to be rickets, it was considered far too much of a coincidence and for lack of any other explanation they became relegated to a sub-human category. The French paleontologist Marcellin Boule, concluded Neanderthals walked stooped forward which fitted in with the then new current thinking of Darwin's evolutionary theory of the origin of man ( the new assumptions were made post Darwinism 1859). For the next fifty years this created the popular image of an ape-man intermediary to man. Science thought it had the conclusive evidence it badly needed showing the missing stage between ape and man.

Over one hundred years after first being found Boule's skeleton was re-examined in 1957 and it was now determined that Neanderthals walked upright and that the stooped posture suggested by Boule's skeleton was caused by arthritis. More evidence from various caves and digs have shown that Neanderthals wielded tools and weapons, wore ornaments, had
cultural and religious rites, ceremoniously burying their dead.

The Neanderthal Brain Size

The greatest enigma found with Neanderthal is their brain size, which is more than 13% larger than our own brain size. The average Neanderthal brain measured 1,500 milliliters in volume compared to less than 1,400 milliliters for humans current worldwide average. This brain size allowed for large cerebral hemispheres. Neanderthals were intelligent thinkers. Yet they left almost no permanent record of their presumed intelligence or culture. Some say he could walk the streets today in a suit collar and tie and be unrecognised, well maybe in New York, but about as unrecognisable as the incredible hulk without his green paint, would be a fairer reflection. Yet today study books continue to be full of illustrations of Neanderthals as subhuman ape-men. Out of date TV documentaries go on wrongly depicting Neanderthals as the evolutionary ape-man link.

The Physical Features of Neanderthal

Neanderthals were physically very strong and unquestionably tough, a physically impressive race. Males averaged about 1m 75 cm; females 1m 60 cm, Neanderthals were considerably stronger and tougher. Their joints, were larger; their bones thicker. The fossils indicate they were substantially more muscled including the children. Neanderthal fossils lack the predominant chin of humans and a last set of molars. They had well muscled chests, long bodies, with shorter legs. Some fossil specimens (not all), have hip sockets more splayed than modern humans. The size of the skull eye sockets would have carried very large eyes.

Through examining the attachment points at which muscle binds to their bones it has been illustrated that their calves and biceps were extremely well developed as well as their pectoral chest and back muscles. A Neanderthal, because of this greater muscle mass, would weigh some ten kilos more than a modern human of equivalent height. They were regular Mr Universes.

Neanderthals Possessed Advanced Skills

Neanderthals used fire for heating, cooking and manufacturing. They probably crafted leather and fur garments of various types. Had a relatively advanced tool and weapon making culture manufacturing a large variety of finely-edged, sophisticated flint tools and weapons. This industry is characterised by the many tool types found, including spear points, stone lances and wooden spears with fire hardened points. Neanderthals made these different types of implements, for both "military" and domestic use, it provides evidence of their ability to plan, think and scheme.

Language

Almost certainly, the Neanderthal race possessed advanced language. Fossil remains indicate Neanderthal voice boxes were capable of making the same sounds as modern humans. As they lived alongside humans it is reasonable to conclude they spoke the same language or if not learned to speak it becoming bi-lingual.

Command and Appreciation of Music

In a cave in Slovenia Yugoslavia, archaeologists consider they have unearthed the world's oldest true musical instrument, a flute which appears to have been made by Neanderthals. Broken at both ends, the 12 cm long instrument is made out of the leg bone of a young bear still retaining its four finger holes. Apart from being considered the oldest musical instrument in the world, this flute's greatest significance lies in its association with Neanderthal man's ability to produce music, and make musical instruments. The Neanderthal race would have composed music, sung to it and probably danced to it no differently than humans today. The ability to create music on a multiple note instrument reveals evidence of imagination and abstract thought. It would therefore be reasonable to conclude that these same qualities would have also been put to use in other skills such as reading and writing.

Neanderthal Culture

There is evidence indicating that Neanderthals possessed a sense of community spirit by performing ritual burials and caring for the old and sick. Remains of several physically impaired individuals have been uncovered. Some recovered skeletons display old, healed injuries suggesting their wounds or injuries were treated and cacommunity spirit by performing ritual burials and caring for the old and sick. Remains of several physically impaired individuals have been uncovered. Some recovered skeletons display old, healed injuries suggesting their wounds or injuries were treated and cared

Analysis of the sediment pollen concentrated in batches, implied that possible bunches of flowers had been placed on the grave. Closer examination of the pollen enabled scientists to identify many flowers that were present, all of which had some therapeutic properties. Were they part of an aromatic preparation, a kind of pot-pourri for the dead, or perfumed oils used in ointment preparations? If so an appreciation of the cosmetic appearance of flowers and perfumed fragrances existed, much the same as today with our embalming of the body with fragrances and the use of flowers at funerals. These flowers also testify to the warm climate and abundant floral varieties availability at the time.

Neanderthal Burial Tombs

It is possible Neanderthals chose certain caves to use as burial 'tombs' this would account for the fact that so many of the remains of Neanderthals have been found buried in caves. This practice would be similar to more recent human cultures who in certain parts of the world used memorial tombs often carved out of the inside of a natural caves using a stone rolled in front of the entrance to seal shut the tomb cave.

Evidence showing Neanderthal skeletons buried in excavated graves in the ground suggests concern over the concepts of life and death. Value being placed on the dead person, funerals being a part of the social and psychological practices for dealing with death.

Neanderthals Exercised Abstract Thinking Concepts

Neanderthals show signs of being a social race in which the old and the injured were taken care of instead of simply left to die. Individuals of well advanced years, have been found supporting the idea that they exercised "humanity" the exercise of mental thought principles over physical actions. Religion is a characteristic of the human species. In order to have religion, one must be capable of abstract thought and reasoning. Without such abilities, the concepts of life and death or a God could not be imagined. It appears the Neanderthal race possessed some of these attributes.

Unlike humans however, there is evidence presented by the scientists that the male/female role interplay as practised by humans in family activity was not carried out by Neanderthals. There is no evidence of couples or family oriented activities among Neanderthals such as taking meals together. This stands out in contrast to their closeness in so many other ways to humans.

Cruel Warriors

There is evidence however that Neanderthals were cruel warriors and fighters suffering and inflicting battle wounds, mutilations, torture and maiming, they may also have practiced cannibalism. In France Archaeologists uncovered 2 fragments of leg bones and 3 arm bones. Some scientists believe that these bones show signs of being fractured while
still fresh. Another Neanderthal site containing human bone fragments shows signs of cuts and burns. The presence of burns on the bones is significant since no animal, other than humans, makes deliberate use of fire. These burnt and intentionally broken human bones have been interpreted as being evidence of some form of cannibalism. They could equally be evidence of torture and or mutilation by dismemberment as has often been the case within certain human cultures who engage in cruel battle blood lust.

Neanderthals Lived Side By Side with Humans

Researchers working in caves in Israel have unearthed skeletons of both Neanderthals and modern humans. These Neanderthal remains have been dated back some 60,000 years (see following information on dating ); the accompanying "modern" humans skeletons back 92,000 years.

If the dates are correct, modern type humans were around for a long time 'before' the Neanderthals appeared. After they did arrive on the scene "modern humans" appear to have coexisted with Neanderthals, sharing living space together with them for some time, until they the Neanderthals went extinct. Although it appears that Neanderthals and modern humans were contemporary, inhabiting the same geographic areas and living space Neanderthals did not interbreed with humans.

The Scientists Dating for the Extinction of the Neanderthal Race

There is evidence that both 'human types' exchanged ideas, at least in how to make tools. As a result, the idea that Homo Neanderthalensis directly evolved into Homo sapiens now seems wildly improbable.

According to present scientific thinking the fossil record of Neanderthals abruptly ends about 30,000 to 35,000 years ago (see following information on dating). After this time only Homo Sapiens dominate the scene. Researchers make the comment that "Why Neanderthals suddenly went extinct is a topic of much question we may never know the true reason."
Radiocarbon analysis puts the later Neanderthal sites as being c 32,500 years old. So some 32,000 years ago, Neanderthals disappeared completely they simply vanished for no clear reason.

Today Neanderthal is classified as totally human - Homo sapien(humankind. What happened to them? Some scientist theorise that the Homo sapien race; 'us humans', killed off the Neanderthal race. So did a physically and mental inferior race; humans (Homo sapiens) exterminate a physically and mentally superior race Neanderthals?? Logic dictates that if one race extinguished the other, the Neanderthal race with their superior strength and mental abilities should have exterminate the inferior human race!

This, of course, is the ultimate question, one that continues to divide and baffle experts, one I shall endeavour to provide rational explanations for in this paper, covering all the above criteria.

How Science Determines Neanderthal Dating

The scientists as we have seen date the period of the Neanderthals to end 32,500 years ago. How do they arrive at this date what scientific processes do they use to come to this conclusion. Well surprisingly as it may seem it is all based on 'relative' methods "guess work". Ridiculous! Have a look at the facts. When we do we are faced with an unusual situation that exists no where else in the sciences.

The scientists have created a theoretic "geological column chart" on which the theory of evolution is hung. The most recent chart, now used in most museums and universities is that drawn up by Van Eysinga in 1975. This chart covers some 600 million years dividing time into periods, ie. Cretaceous 65 to 140 million year ago; Jurassic 140 to 195 million years ago etc etc. The complete chart cannot be found in nature, it is imaginary pieced together from various inter-related strata from all over the world. The vast time periods that have been allocated in the chart to facilitate the slow burying of fossils which formed the sedimentary rock layers cannot be proved or illustrated in any deposits being formed today it is all calculated and based on estimated guess work.

When a geologist has difficulty dating a rock stratum he requests the evolutionists opinion on the date of the fossils the rock contains, this then becomes its 'established' age date. When an evolutionist has difficulty dating a fossil he requests the geologists opinion on the age of the rock containing the fossil which then becomes its 'accepted' age date. A case of two theories being cross referenced in order to establish a so called fact??

Take the 18,756 years and subtract the 14,286 excess years gives a 4,470 year old death date for the Neanderthal, a lot more recent than the 32,500 year set by the scientists. So is there any evidence that the Neanderthal race went extinct only 4,400 years ago?
The date 4,470 years ago comes right within the time frame the ancient manuscripts reveal the Nephilim was on the earth 4,380 to 4,500 years ago. They were apparently only around for some 120 years, why and who were they?

The Nephilim Race

The following information will initially raise eyebrows but all the observations and comments made are backed up with logical supporting evidence. A self-confident science reacts to new evidence with the ability to change its conclusions. But sciences that have become dogmatic respond in exactly the opposite way. It denies the evidence or refuses to even consider it, redoubling its fanaticism libelling the bearers of new information and its evidence. Consider the evidence.

Can the criteria uncovered about Neanderthals be applied to the Nephilim race? To do so it would need to explain the following list of 16 characteristics associated with Neanderthals.
1. Had brains as large if not larger than humans.
2. Well muscled and developed physiques.
3. Distinctive characteristics from humans.
4. Evidence that humans lived before the Neanderthals arrived.
5. Humans & Neanderthals coexisted for a period sharing same living space.
6. Neanderthals were skilled in tool and weapon making.
7. They were a battle scarred warrior race.
8. Neanderthals were skilled in language, and literacy.
9. They were cultured in music and musical instrument making.
10. Neanderthals had a general culture of their own similar to humans.
11. They practised burial of the dead and religious rituals.
12. Possibly possessed skills in apothecary and, aromatherapy.
13. Neanderthals lived in warm temperate climates.
14. They had possible hybrid characteristics.
15. Corrected C14 dating places them coexisting with humans 4,400 yrs ago.
16. Neanderthals were exterminated suddenly while humans continued.

Ancient Manuscript Information On the Nephilim Race

The ancient manuscripts refer to a time 4,500 years ago, before the ancient Egyptian civilisation, when highly intelligent life forces from outside our universe were aware that the human race was beginning to multiply on this planet. They turned their attention to earth with the intention of controlling and colonising it. The human race at that time had a possible population of some 35 million * (see foot note 1) Click here to go to foot note 1. For certain calculated reasons they took this opportunity to move in on the Human estate with the objective of usurping it and bringing it under their control and domination.

With an extremely high level of scientific knowledge; coming from a race millions of years older than the fairly new human race, they understood precisely how the human DNA functioned in the human make up. Engineering the transformation of their own makeup to assimilate the human form they took on physical bodies fashioned on their prior knowledge of the human DNA structure and cellular make up. Probably emphasising and enhancing in the process their physical power and size, making themselves extremely impressive specimens *

There is no manuscript information as to how many went through this metamorphic change but possibly some thousands participated. They took pleasure in exercising control over the natural human population, cohabiting with the women, selecting the best for themselves without restriction. Probably meeting very little objection from husbands or other human males due to their impressive physical dominance. Once these women had been impregnated and inseminated with their engineered semen they became pregnant giving birth to children who were a hybrid half-caste race known as Nephilim. It is very likely that these individuals were sterile and did not breed.

Hybrid Sterility

* To illustrate the existing natural laws, a Hybrid, strictly defined, is an offspring that is a cross between different species usually producing sterile hybrids; the male mule is the sterile offspring of a female horse and a male donkey. It is used in many parts of the world as a beast of burden with much greater body strength than its parents it seems to excel both its parents in muscular endurance, surefootedness, and length of life. The hinny is the sterile hybrid offspring of the female donkey and the male horse.

Hybrids often have what is called hybrid vigour; they tend to be larger, faster growing, and healthier than their parents. Thus, mules are bred for their strength, superior to that of either parent. Ornamental plants are bred for their larger flowers; nearly all corn and tomatoes grown today are hybrids that bear much larger fruit than their parental stock.

Population Ratios of the Two Races

How many of these hybrid half-caste humans were born is hard to say but the records inform us that these transformed humanoid like visitors continued taking women and impregnating them for almost 120 years* (*see foot note 2 vs 3) Click here to go to foot note 2 vs 3. . If there were 'say' 5,000 of them and they continued fathering children by means of various human women at the rate of 'say' one a month over a period of 100 years they would have accumulated a Nephilim hybrid race numbering 6 million compared to a population of humans by then having increased to approximately 135 million.* (* see foot note 2 vs 2). Click here to go to foot note 2 vs 2.

This some 6 million strong Nephilim race formed a veritable army by which their fathers could hold tight control on the 135 million human population. This period of human history became so filled with violence and bloodshed the entire human population became subject to an environment of terror.

Are the Neanderthal One and the Same As the Nephilim?

It is the writers belief that this hybrid half breed race referred to as the Nephilim were in fact one and the same as the Neanderthal race. The characteristics of Nephilim fit the scientists descriptions of the Neanderthal "a physically very strong, tough impressive race with larger joints, thicker bones, well muscled chests, long bodies, and shorter legs weighing approximately twenty pounds more than a modern human of equivalent height, regular Mr Universes." It also explains why their brain size and cerebral hemispheres were as large if not larger than humans.
The new scientific evidence examined above correcting the calibration of C14 dating process to the carbon 14 build up readings, brings both Nephilim and Neanderthals into the same time frame some 4,400 years ago.(For full manuscript dating chronology see further references at the end of the paper, R/P 32).

The Cause of the Extermination of the Neanderthal/Nephilim Race

The scientists do not know what caused the extinction of the Neanderthal race but the ancient records do tell us what happened to cause the extinction of the Nephilim race, a massive deluvian flood, exterminating the entire race. The manuscripts shed further light on how this deluge occurred and how it would have affected the C14 build up in the
atmosphere fitting the scientific facts found to date on the situation *.

An Atmospheric Protection Layer

These ancient manuscripts refer back to when a water vapour, screen layer was suspended above the atmosphere, probably held in place by counter balancing effects of centrifugal, magnetic and gravitational forces* (see foot note 3)Click here to go to foot note 3. In fact Saturn today, has suspended around it atmospheric rings, although very different in composition to that which would have surrounded the earth. This earth's vapour layer would have had to have been much wider than Saturn's rings, roofing the earth's atmosphere, thicker over the equator, tapering down towards the poles, forming a massive atmospheric climate controlling mechanism.
This mechanism would have dissipated the thermal heat rays of the sun more evenly over the entire surface of the earth. Protecting the equator regions from overheating as we experience today and dispersing the heat out toward the polar regions, making for a more even temperate climate throughout the entire earth's surface. This would explain the evidence found on the earth of temperate vegetation and animals found living so close to the polar regions and why warm climate animals living in these arctic areas were suddenly destroyed and preserved in ice. Also why the desert areas of the earth today show evidence that during the earlier chapters of mans history there was abundant water supplies and lush vegetation throughout the year, the very same temperate climate that the Neanderthal lived in.

Could this also explain the dilemma some archaeologists have when they find evidence that the Great Sphinx of Egypt built before the pyramids shows signs of exposure to rainfall weathering over a long period. While the pyramids show no evidence of it as for the last 4,000 years their has been very little if any rainfall in Egypt, had the earth's climate
changed radically between the building of these two great structures by the removal of this water suspension canopy?

This protective outer layer surrounding the earth's atmosphere dissipated the warmth around the earth similar to the effect of a green house roof. Just as the panes of glass block the suns harmful radiation rays entering the green house (ie you will never get a suntan sitting inside a glass green house on a sunny day) so the water vapour screening layer above the atmosphere would have protected the earth from these cosmic harmful C14 forming rays. Unprotected today from the constant bombardment of these rays we are subject to dissipated the warmth around the earth similar to the effect of a green house roof. Just as the panes of glass block the suns harmful radiation rays entering the green house (ie you will never get a suntan sitting inside a glass green house. This water vapour screen protected life from the harmful exposure of direct cosmic radiation rays from the sun, preventing the infiltration of harmful radio carbon C14. As already discussed this would account for the atmosphere still building up its levels of C14 not having reached its saturation point yet estimated by some scientists to take approximately 30,000 years. If this figure is correct then from a starting point for the build up of C14 some 5,000 years ago there would be a further 25,000 years to go before saturation is reached.
This would have the effect of causing all carbon dating done so far to be thrown out of the window as the clock on which all these dates have been calculated has been set at a wrong starting time through assuming that saturation in the atmosphere was reached millions of years ago, whereas this evidence dictates that it still has not been accomplished.

What Caused the Removal of This Benign Protective Layer?

According to the manuscripts, because of the situation of interbreeding between humans and exterrestrial races the earth had acquired a fearsome, hybrid half-caste race of Neanderthals (Nephilim). This situation of interbreeding caused violence and bloodshed to fill the inhabited earth and had to be dealt with, this intolerable situation had to be removed, wiped out completely or otherwise civilisation as we know it today would not have been able to come about. According to the Greek manuscripts* (see foot note 3 Greek Codex Sanaticus) the suspended water vapour layer, provided the means to do this. Click here to go to foot note 3, Greek Codex Sanaticus.

At a pre determined date the suspended layer was broken up, the manuscripts indicate according to chronological calculations this to have been almost 4,400 years ago* (see further related material at the end of this paper, R/P 32) the falling of the deluge waters came from the breaking-up of this suspended water canopy. Possibly the balancing centrifugal, magnetic and gravitational forces holding it in position were adjusted in some way.

Scientists acknowledge that the earth's magnetic force fields have at certain times reversed themselves. Surveys of palaeomagnetism, the study of lava rocks which contain iron particles, when these rocks were cooling and solidifying from a liquid state the iron particles would line up in line with the direction of the earth's magnetic field leaving behind a record of the direction of the magnetic field at the time. These surveys have revealed that the earth's magnetic field was reversed on more than one occasion. Did a reversing of the magnetic field provide the trigger mechanism setting off a controlled reaction that lead to the pulling down of the water vapour layer?

The billions upon billions of tons of water vapour could have been drawn down mainly at the poles by gravitational forces, condensing vapour into water and water into ice accompanied by high velocity winds. Almost overnight causing dramatic changes to the former earth's temperate climate.

The build up of great pressures of water and ice falling mainly onto the polar regions would have forced it in glacier form to spread rapidly out over the surfaces of the globe toward the equators, gouging out valleys under the rapid movement of mountains of ice being bulldozed out under massive back pressure. Everything in their paths would have been destroyed. With the continual falling of this water and ice for 40 days* (see foot note 4) at both poles with more and more ice building up behind its mass pressure quickly built up until its sheer weight cracked the earth's mantle buckling it and braking it up into the 'tectonic plate' continental land pieces. These great continental land mass plates, crushed against one another forcing up mountain ranges while the weight of the massive ice glaciers along with millions of tons of additional water forced down great surface depressions allowing the water to settle into these new ocean basins that we have today.

The Evidence Fits the Theory

How does the evidence fit with this? Did the deluvian mechanism provide the criteria that resulted in the formation of the worlds continental plates?
It certainly could have provided the energy to create the tremendous forces needed to tear apart and crack up the earth's crust. It could also have provided the on going energy to drive these cracked continental plates apart in some places, over riding neighbouring plates in others compressing and forcing plate edges against one another with such force as to drive up and form the great world's mountain ranges that have come into existence.

The hypothesis that the crust of the earth could have been cracked up into the continental plates by a thickening of the earth's polar ice caps was put forward by Hapgood and Campbell in 1958, in their publication "Earth's Shifting Crust".

Professor Melvin Cook took this theory and modelled it. He started with a situation where the earth's mantel was fairly uniformly covered with crust from pole to pole. By creating a build up of ice at the poles he finally cracked the crust, the fracture lines determined by the pressures being exerted from the opposing polar forces. These pressures on the earth's crust can be likened to the effect on the shell of a hard boiled egg being squeezed in a vice from both ends. When the earth's crust fractured it would have snapped rapidly and violently and like the pieces of the egg shell, quickly separated in some place, but in others forced up against one another.
Professor Cook believes the ancient Arctic ice cap a mass of some 100 million tons disappeared suddenly about 10,000 years ago. To explain this he says it would be necessary for the ice to have dissipated catastrophically he concludes the evidence proves the earth's crust was rapidly forced up into the great mountain ranges at about the same time. The mass of ice and snow released forming the present oceans.

Much evidence supports the above; that the earth not so long ago contained much less water on its surface and had far more dry land:
1. Vast masses of terrestrial animal remains have been found thousands of meters deep in the oceans, evidence that the land was once above sea level.
2. Marine animal remains including whale skeletons bear evidence of sudden extinction having been found hundreds of meters above sea level, evidence of some phenomena causing the water to suddenly and dramatically to raise above the original sea level.
3. Thousands of flat top islands over 1,000 meters high have been charted at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean. They are encrusted with coral revealing that they at one time must have been at or near the surface.
4. The island of Great Britain was once linked to Europe by a connecting plateau now 20 meters below sea level, it was once all dry land, remains of forests, animal and human bones have all been found on this plateau, evidence of a previously lower sea level.
5. The Oceans and Seas at present cover some 70% of the earth's surface. It has surface. It has been calculated that if 20% of the earth's water was evaporated off some 50% more dry land would appear. With the re-emergence above sea level of much of the land that at one time was originally above the water. A suspended water vapour layer as described could have comfortably taken up this 20%
So does the evidence support linking the Neanderthals to the Nephilim?
The criteria associated with Neanderthals can equally be applied to the Nephilim situation.
1a. Neanderthals had brains as large if not larger than humans.
1b. Nephilim were Hybrid of two intelligent races a large brain size could be anticipated.
2a. Neanderthals were well muscled with highly developed physiques.2b. Nephilim would have inherited these common hybrid vigour characteristics.
3a. Neanderthals had distinctive characteristics (flattened cranium, heavy ridge above large eye sockets)
3b. Nephilim were only half-caste with human, characteristics being acquired from both parents. 4a. Neanderthals appeared only after humans had been around for a long time.
4b. Nephilim started breeding 1400 years after humans started populating the earth.
5a. Neanderthals and Humans coexisted, sharing same living space for a period.
5b. Nephilim inhabited the earth alongside humans for 120 years.
6a. Neanderthals were skilled in tool and weapon making.
6b. Nephilim learnt physical skills and human culture from human mothers.
7a. Neanderthal were a battle scarred warrior race.
7b. Nephilim aggressive tyranny filled the earth with violence & blood shed.
8a. Neanderthals were skilled in language, spoken and written.
8b. Nephilim communicated freely with the human populous.
9a. Neanderthals were cultured in music and musical instrument making.
9b. Nephilim as an intelligent half-caste human hybrid had no problem mastering such skills.
10a. Neanderthals had general culture similar but not the same as humans.
10b. Nephilim inherited part human culture from mothers and part from metamorphosed fathers.
11a. Neanderthal practised burial of the dead and religious rituals.
11b. Nephilim had an intelligent awareness with which to learn theoretical concepts, some may have been unknown to humans at that point but revealed to the Nephilim by their fathers, this cosmic knowledge awareness when handed down through later human generations may explain the seemingly high level of religious thought connected with intercommunications between the heavens and the earth as practised by the early civilisations particularly the ancient Babylonians and Egyptians many of which we still do not understand down to this day, ie mechanisms of electric batteries found in ancient Babylon, star maps modelled in the pyramids etc etc.
12a. Neanderthal possibly possessed medical skills, practicing apothecary and, aromatherapy.
12b. Nephilim were intelligent, fully able to develop advanced skills, see 11b.
13a. Neanderthals lived in warm temperate climates.
13b. Nephilim also lived in warm temperate climate before the deluge changed it.
14a. Neanderthal revealed possible hybrid 'vigour' characteristics.
14b. Nephilim were a hybrid half-caste race with strength greater than humans.
15a. Neanderthal coexisting with humans 4,400 years ago according to corrected C14 dating.
15b. Nephilim according to the chronological manuscripts lived during this same time period.
16a. Neanderthals were exterminated suddenly while humans continued on.
16b. Nephilim because of degenerating the earth and the human race, were exterminated by a cataclysmic world deluge caused by bringing down of the protective water vapour layer while the human race was preserved.

Conclusion

The contradicting and mysterious circumstances surrounding the Neanderthal's can be explained by the manuscript accounts referring to an ancient hybrid race, the Nephilim. These manuscripts are among some of the oldest ever found in the world, now collected together as part of the scriptures. The Neanderthal remains are very likely the remains of Nephilim.
The writer does not claim this paper to be free of errors but a stimulus to others with greater skills to examine further the information on the early activities of the human race that has been under our noses for thousands of years generally ignored and forgotten. Some scientists under the weight of built up evidence are beginning to do this, others are entrenching themselves ever deeper in their old theories. The cry from them of heresy seems to be getting louder in proportion to the evidence. Some sciences unfortunately have taken their received knowledge and moulded it into a pseudo scientific philosophy not unlike the religions have done with theirs.
Truth should lead science and not the other way around. All disciplines of science particularly the ones built on the 100 year old theory of evolution should re-examine the current evidence for what it tells us and not what they would have it say by discarding the evidence that do not fit with their pre conceived theories. Maybe then many more of the present mysteries of 'science' will not be so mysterious after all but find rational explanations. A mystery remains so until to get a rational fact fitting explanation, it then ceases to be a mystery unless of course the explanation is rejected because it contradicts some previously accepted theory then the mystery continues as a self created one for the rejector.

True facts form a concrete foundation on which to advance onto further revelations. Truth should always be the target no matter what the circumstances, the 'science of evolution' has been masquerading under the claim of 'proven truth' while in fact it is anything but proven. Most of the reliable evidence pointing in the opposite direction to their evolution theories. Exposure is never met with welcoming arms and is often a bitter pill to swallow, but once swallowed the health of the science improves considerable.